Hasyim Asy'ari's Dimensions of Multicultural Spiritual Leadership: Harmony in Education and Society in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35723/ajie.v9i1.50Keywords:
Spiritual Multicultural Leadership, Hasyim Asy’ari, Teacher Ethics, Ethics Towards ScienceAbstract
The spiritual leadership of Hasyim Asy'ari plays an important role in overcoming intolerance, radicalism, and hate speech through moderation (wasathiyah), interfaith dialogue, and strengthening national values such as hubbul wathan minal iman. His leadership transforms conflict into harmony and tolerance by instilling altruistic love and solidarity. This study aims to explain the multicultural spiritual leadership model that combines spiritual values such as faith, altruistic love, and moderation with a multicultural approach that respects religious, cultural, and ethnic diversity. Hasyim Asy'ari's leadership is implemented through the Nahdlatul Ulama organization and Islamic boarding schools, strengthening national unity amid Indonesia's diversity. This study uses a qualitative approach, and the type taken combines phenomenology and literature. Literature studies are focused on studying the thoughts and roles of related figures, while interviews are conducted with lecturers and UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung students. Data are analyzed by filtering important information, coding themes to identify patterns, categorizing based on key dimensions, and synthesizing to find relationships and conclusions. Validation was conducted by cross-checking sources to ensure consistency and avoid bias. The findings show that Hasyim Asy'ari's leadership, shaped by his educational background in Mecca and socio-historical context, created a moderate multicultural leadership model that is still relevant today. This model emphasizes the integration of moral and spiritual values in creating an inclusive society and contributes to the world of education by shaping learning ethics, teacher ethics, and scientific ethics. The originality of this study lies in the analysis of Hasyim Asy'ari's leadership from the perspective of multiculturalism and moral education, which are still rarely studied in depth. However, this study has limitations because it uses a library approach that limits direct empirical data and focuses on the historical context of Indonesia, making it difficult to generalize to other regions.
References
Asy’ari. Edugama: Jurnal Kependidikan Dan Sosial Keagamaan, 9(2), 80–100. https://doi.org/10.32923/edugama.v9i2.3979
[2] Abdullah, M. (2024). Cultural Transformation of Kiai Leadership in Madura : From Religious Educators to Political Leaders. Al-Ishlah: Jurnal Pendidikan, 16, 2813–2820. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v16i2.5333
[3] Abidin, Z., & Sirojuddin, A. (2024). Developing Spiritual Intelligence Internalization of Sufistic Values : Pesantren Education Through The Learning From. Tafkir: Interdisciplinary Journal of Islamic Education, 5(2), 331–343. https://doi.org/10.31538/tijie.v5i2.783
[4] Afiah, K. N. … Salsabila, A. J. (2024). The social movement of women in pesantren (Islamic boarding schools): From empowerment to resistance against patriarchal culture. In Religion, Education, Science and Technology towards a More Inclusive and Sustainable Future: Proceedings of the 5th International Colloquium on Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies (ICIIS 2022), Lombok, Indonesia, 19-20 October 2022. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003322054-40
[5] Akhmad, J. … Darmansyah. (2024). The Influence Of Agile Leadership, Innovative Work Behavior And Organizational Commitment Through Work Productivity On Institutional Performance In The Industrial Era 4.0 (Case Study At Lp3i Jakarta Polytechnic). Manager: Journal of Management and Administration Science, 3(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.58738/manager.v3i1.557
[6] Akil, M. … Ardi. (2024). The Jurisprudence of Religious Moderation: Strengthening Al-Wathanniyah Values at the Intersection of Islam and Nationality. Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum Dan Keadilan, 12(2), 300–314. https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v12i2.1410
[7] Ali, M. … Usman, M. (2020). A positive human health perspective on how spiritual leadership weaves its in fl uence on employee safety performance : The role of harmonious safety passion. Safety Science, 131(July), 104923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104923
[8] Arif, M. … Anas, M. (2025). A recent study on islamic religious education teachers ’ competencies in the digital age : a systematic literature review. Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 19(2), 587–596. https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v19i2.21311
[9] Ayiz, A., & Tauchid, A. (2025). Enhancing Public Speaking Skills among EFL Learners through the Peer Teaching Method: A Mixed-Methods Study. ETERNAL (English Teaching Journal), 16(1), 125–137. https://doi.org/10.26877/eternal.v16i1.1124
[10] Balgies, S. (2022). Spiritual leadership in improving managers’ performance. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 30(3), 555–566. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBG.2022.123637
[11] Bistara, R., & Fuady, F. (2022). The Islam Wasathiyah of KH. Abdurrahman Wahid in the Islamic Political Arena. Journal of Islamic Civilization, 4(2), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.33086/jic.v4i2.3611
[12] Cassata, A., & Allensworth, E. (2021). Scaling standards-aligned instruction through teacher leadership: methods, supports, and challenges. International Journal of STEM Education, 8(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-021-00297-w
[13] Egel, E., & Fry, L. W. (2016). Spiritual Leadership as a Model for Islamic. 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2016.1200411
[14] Fajar, A. … Arifin, S. (2024). The Impact Of Organizational Culture And Spiritual Leadership On Performance : Mediating Roles Of Workplace Spirituality And Innovation. RGSA – Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 18(4), 1–16.
[15] Fakturmen, F. (2020). Pengaruh KH. Hasyim Asy’ari dalam Membangun Serta Menjaga Nusantara dan Kemaslahatan Islam Dunia. Jurnal Indo-Islamika, 10(1), 28–39. https://doi.org/10.15408/idi.v10i1.17510
[16] Farid, A. … Santosa, H. (2024). Internalization Management of Character Education Value based on Multicultural at SMP Labschool Jakarta. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 11(8), 208–236. https://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v11i8.5845
[17] Farida, U. (2020). Kontribusi dan Peran KH. Hasyim Asy’ari dalam Membingkai Moderasi Beragama Berlandaskan al Quran dan Hadis di Indonesia Umma. Fikrah: Jurnal Ilmu Aqidah Dan Studi Keagamaan, 8(2), 311–328. https://doi.org/10.21043/fikrah.v8i1.7928
[18] Gunawan, I. … Tamyiz, M. (2023). Publication Trends on the Javanese Leadership Construct (Issue Icemt 2023). Atlantis Press SARL. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-156-2_14
[19] Hafizh, S. H. K. N. M. (2024). The Paradigm of Salaf Pesantren: The Concept of Charismatic Spiritual Leadership of Kyai at Assalafiyah Pesantren. Edukasia Islamika Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 9(1), 97–112. https://doi.org/10.28918/jei.v9i1.7276
[20] Hamlat, S. (2020). Spiritual Leadership : Application to the Multicultural Context. International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Educational Research (IJMCER), 2(5), 7–12. https://www.ijmcer.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/IJMCER_B02507012.pdf
[21] Hanum, A. … Nurliani. (2021). The implementation of KH. Hasyim Asy’ari Thought About Educators Ethics. Tadris: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 16(2), 244–256. https://doi.org/10.19105/tjpi.v16i2.4530
[22] Hardianto, H. … Nofriser, N. (2024). Revitalizing Educational Leadership: A Comprehensive Literature Review of Transformational Leadership in Indonesia Academic Settings. Al-Ishlah: Jurnal Pendidikan, 16(1), 98–106. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v16i1.4768
[23] Heni, A. M. … Ismanto, B. (2023). The Effectiveness of Neuroscience to Improve Teacher Pedagogic Competence: Systematic Literature Review. JPI (Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia), 12(2), 198–209. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpiundiksha.v12i2.61438
[24] Janakiraman, S. … Bawa, P. (2019). Instructional Design and Strategies for Multicultural Education: A Qualitative Case Study. Journal of Educational Research and Practice, 9(1), 300–315. https://doi.org/10.5590/jerap.2019.09.1.21
[25] Juma’, J. (2022). Fatwa Jihad Dan Resolusi Jihad: Historisitas Jihad Dan Nasionalisme Di Indonesia. Aqlam: Journal of Islam and Plurality, 7(2), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.30984/ajip.v7i2.2187
[26] Khadijah, K. … Sutamrin, S. (2021). Schools’ Character Education Values And Students’ Mathematics Learning Achievement: A Meta-Analysis. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 40(3), 670–683. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v40i3.39924
[27] Khotijah, K. … Has, Q. (2024). Religious Moderation Perspectives On Arabic Language Learning For Islamic Boarding Schools In Lampung. Ijaz Arabi Journal of Arabic Learning, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.18860/ijazarabi.v7i1.17811
[28] Komariah, A. (2016). Authentic Leadership Behavior in Madrasah Aliyah in Tasikmalaya Regency. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 1(3), 407. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v1i3.685
[29] Lahmar, H. … Leadership, S. (2023). Spiritual Leadership and Organizational Commitment : A 21-year Systematic Literature Review To cite this version . Journal of Human Values, 23(1), 04087961. https://doi.org/10.1177/097168582311544
[30] Laok, P. … Timur, J. (2023). Implementation of religious moderation values through strengthening diversity tolerance in madrasah. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 9(2), 241–254. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v9i2.27952
[31] Makinudin, M. (2018). Resolusi Jihad di Indonesia Perspektif Ketatanegaraan dalam Al- Quran. Al-Daulah: Jurnal Hukum Dan Perundangan Islam, 8(1), 131–164. https://doi.org/10.15642/ad.2018.8.1.131-164
[32] Murtadlo, M. (2014). Pendidikan multikultural di madrasah pembangunan ciputat tangerang. Edukasi Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Agama, 12(2), 196–209. https://doi.org/10.32729/edukasi.v12i2.82
[33] Muspawi, M. (2018). K.H. Hasyim Asy’ari: The Reformer of Islamic Education of East Jawa. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 7(1), 147–163. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpi.2018.71.147-1163
[34] Nurdin, A. … Yahaya, M. Z. (2024). Developing the Islamic Religious Education Curriculum in Inclusive Schools or Madrasah and Its Implementation: A Systematic Literature Review. Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 21(1), 94–110. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpai.v21i1.6907
[35] Putro, S. … Harminingsih, H. (2022). Is Kiai a Transformational Leadership Model? Jurnal Pemberdayaan Masyarakat: Media Pemikiran Dan Dakwah Pembangunan, 6(2), 137–154. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpm.2022.062-01
[36] Rafsanjani, H. (2017). Spiritual Leadership. Masharif Al-Syari’ah, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.30651/jms.v2i1.968
[37] Raharja, B. S. (2021). Content Quality, Religious Consciousness, and Brand Awareness: the Empirical Evidence on Islamic Sharia Product. Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen, 19(3), 572–584. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jam.2021.019.03.10
[38] Ridwan, M. … Basuki, B. (2024). The Integration Transfer of Knowledge and Transfer of Value in The Book Ta’līm al - Muta’allim Written By Syaikh Az-Zarnuji. Al-Ishlah: Jurnal Pendidikan, 16(2), 2404–2413. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v16i2.4552
[39] Rohmah, L. … Latif, M. A. (2021). Spiritual-Based Entrepreneurship Education for Early Childhood: Lesson From Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 10(2), 159–180. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpi.2021.102.159-180
[40] Rosyidin, M. A., & Arifin, I. (2021). Integration of Islamic and Indonesian Education in the Perspective of KH. Salahuddin Wahid. Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 18(2), 227–256. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpai.2021.182-02
[41] Rosyidin, M. A. … Jumari. (2023). The Absorption of Islamic Education Thought of KH. M. Hasyim Asy’ari through Teaching of Adab al-‘Alim wa al-Muta’allim among the Santri at the Pesantren Tebuireng. Millah: Journal of Religious Studies, 22(2), 611–640. https://doi.org/10.20885/millah.vol22.iss2.art12
[42] Ruswandi, M. H. T. N. U. (2021). Implementation of Multicultural Education in Education Practice at Indonesia. Edukasi, 9(1), 65–76. https://ejournal.staimta.ac.id/index.php/edukasi/article/view/267
[43] Sligh, C. E. (2020). Recognizing the Inevitable Intersections of Spiritual and Leadership Development. New Directions for Student Leadership, 166, 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.20381
[44] Smith, T. … Mavroudis, N. (2022). The Effect of Drama in Education Towards the Acceptance of Different Religious Identities in a Intercultural School. International Journal of Education & the Arts, 23(2), 1–16. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1331849
[45] Subhaktiyasa, P. G. … Dantes, K. R. (2024). Spiritual Leadership and Lecturer Performance: Mediating Role of Work Motivation. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 13(6), 3653~3662. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v13i6.29175
[46] Tania, B. … Chusniyah, T. (2024). How Humanitarian Islam Fosters Peace : The Perspective Of Nahdlatul Ulama. El Harakah: Jurnal Budaya Islam, 26(1), 171–203. https://doi.org/10.18860/eh.v26i1.26592
[47] Tanjung, H. … Pradesa, H. A. (2023). Mediating Role of Public Service Motivation in Enhancing the Effect of Spiritual Leadership on Felt Obligation and Affective Commitment. International Journal of Social Science and Business, 7(4), 864–875. https://doi.org/10.23887/ijssb.v7i4.49540
[48] Terzi, R. … Kaya, A. (2020). Spiritual leaders for building trust in the school context. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 86, 135–156. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2020.86.7
[49] Usman, A. R. … Misra, L. (2024). Religious Moderation Through Persia-Aceh Intercultural Communication. Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura, 24(2), 471. https://doi.org/10.22373/jiif.v24i2.17443
[50] Yasin, A. F. … Muhammad, S. H. (2023). Development of Islamic Religious Education Learning in Forming Moderate Muslims. Tafkir: Interdisciplinary Journal of Islamic Education, 4(1), 22–36. https://doi.org/10.31538/tijie.v4i1.227
[51] Zahrah, F. … Fikroni, M. R. (2023). Educators’ Courtesy on Future Islamic Education: KH. Hasyim Asy’ari’s Perspective Within Adabul ‘Alim Wal Muta’alim. The 1st Annual Conference of Islamic Education, 103–114. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-044-2_12
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Saca Suhendi, Heri Khoiruddin, Mahlil Nurul Ihsan, Tatang Muh Nasir, Zohaib Hassan Sain (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The AJIE content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). Authors retain unrestricted copyright and publishing rights of their articles. Authors grant the Publisher the Affairs Al-Hayat Al-Istiqomah Foundation a license to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher. Authors also grant any third party the right to use or reuse the article freely as long as its original authors and citation details are identified.
